Cigarette smoking and musculoskeletal disorders
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Cigarette smoking and musculoskeletal disorders.
Cigarette smoking has deleterious effects on the musculo-skeletal system. The loss of bone mineral content and increased incidence of fractures are the best known negative consequences. The pathogenesis is complex, due to direct toxic effects on osteoblasts/osteoclasts activity of nicotine, and indirect actions on sex and adrenocortical hormones, vitamin D, intestinal calcium absorption, vessel...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Muscle, Ligaments and Tendons Journal
سال: 2013
ISSN: 2240-4554
DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2013.3.2.063